Strategies Review for Management Coffee Berry Borer (HYPOTHENEMUS hampei) to Cope Climate Changes in Production Systems of Inshore Coffee (Coffea canephora) in Panama, Honduras and Nicaragua.

Pests affect the yields and quality of coffee, the Coffea canephora species -known as Robusta or lowland coffee- is no an exception. Coffee Berry Borer (Hypothenemus hampei), a significant pest, is favored by variations in precipitation and temperature and poor agronomic management. In Panama, with a cultivated area of ​​19,000 hectares of both Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora, the borer was detected in 2005 and has spread throughout the country, causing losses of up to 80% of the grain. In Honduras, where about 265,751 ha are cultivated, the borer was detected in 1977 and in Nicaragua with an area of ​​153,186 ha, in 1988. In all cases coffee production tends to be dominated by small and medium producers with a very low level of technology. The purpose of the project is to reduce economic damage by identifying technical limitations in production systems, analyzing climatic variations, proposing the Integrated Management of the Borer (IMB) as well as adjustments to improve the effectiveness of current strategies. Climatic conditions affect the behavior of the pest: with less precipitation, the borer is dispersed and as of the month of June higher percentages of infestation are recorded. With the knowledge generated, IMB is feasible and desirable, it includes both manual and biological control as well as better agronomic practices.